A jar test procedure as described above can help to establish the optimum ph within the 7. This test is known as the jar test and is described below. Jar test apparatus consists of six batch beakers, and equipped with a paddle mixer for each beaker. Ce 326 princip les of environmental engi neering jar test background coagulation and f locculation are important unit processes in wat er and wastewater t reatment plants. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for undergraduate and postgraduate students.
After adding appropriate volume of the alum stoke solution, the water was mixed at 160 rpm for 2. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water. The procedure may be used to evaluate color, turbidity, and hardness reduction. Coagulation and flocculation water purification physical. Based on what we found in the experiments, with the. Jar test example the following results were achieved after a series of jar test on two sample waters, a and b, were treated with two different coagulants, alum and ferric chloride, at varying doses. Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate the suspended solids portion from the water. By the aid of jar test apparatus, we used various alum dosages from 0 and 200 mgl. Each beaker contained 2 l of river water or humic acid spiked tap water.
Evaluation and optimization of the coagulation rapid mixing step of the water treatment process includes a variety of aspects. Prospects and challenges of using coagulationflocculation method in the treatment of effluents kingsley ogemdi iwuozor a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t received. Jar tests as detailed in appendix b, employing apparatus similar to that shown in figure 2, may be used to study the effects of dose of coagulant chemicals and ph. Standard practice for coagulation flocculation jar test of water 1. Pdf a jar test study on the use of alum and ferric chloride. Usually laboratory studies using the jar test are adequate for selecting a coagulant for a water treatment plant jar test jar test a jar testis usually used to determine the proper coagulant and coagulant aid, if needed, and the chemical dosages required for the coagulation of a particular water. Equipment requireddesirable 6 item function flocculatorjar test unit 6 no. Ene 806 project report 2 coagulation and flocculation.
Coagulation clumps contaminants together so they are more easily removed. Procedure for laboratory jar test the purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of suspended solids or oil from raw water or a dilute process or waste stream. Coagulation and flocculation causes a chemical reaction that promotes the formation, agglomeration or clumping of such particles to facilitate their removal from solution. Sixplace assembly for filtering samples after a jar test. Screening and evaluation of alum and polymer combinations. Evaluation and optimization of the coagulationrapid mixing step of the water treatment process includes a variety of aspects. Water a had low alkalinity and required less coagulant to achieve good coagulation and flocculation than the higher alkalinity of water b. Two types of coagulation were examined using a standard jar test apparatus. The conventional jar test procedure, was employed for coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes. Determination of optimum ph fill the jars with raw water sample 500 or ml usually 6 jars. Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water. D203519 standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water jar test coagulation flocculation.
Jar testing simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process. Jar test is an experiment to understand the processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation awwa, 2011. Suspended particles vary in source, charge, particle size, shape, and density. Waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation. The jar test involves exposing same volume samples of the water to be treated to different doses of the coagulant and then simultaneously mixing the samples at a constant rapid mixing time. Jar testing simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process let the water settle after flocculation and settling, sample the settled water to determine which coagulant dose was best. Groundwater and surface water contain both dissolved and suspended particles. The test can be repeated by holding the ph and varying the coagulant dose.
Experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Coagulation and flocculation part 1 overview of the process. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the. Coagulation flocculation is a widelyused process in industrial wastewater treatment. Coagulationflocculation sswm find tools for sustainable. Material for this article was largely taken from reference 1. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. However the turbidity values change temporarily on the water, affecting the effectiveness of this process, due to each turbidity value may need a different coagulant dose 2. It is a batch test consisting of using several identical jars containing the same volume and concentration of feed, which are charged simultaneously with six different doses of a potentially effective coagulant. What is coagulation and flocculation in wastewater treatment. Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation. A test is often conducted by first dosing each jar with the same value of coagulant and varying the ph of each jar.
Coagulation and flocculation for wastewater treatment represent tested ways to improve efficiency and remove a high volume of particles. We take you step by step through the process and describe the changes occurring. Jar testing is a pilotscale test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water plant. A jar test study on the use of alum and ferric chloride for turbidity removal. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes that encourage the removal of suspended colloids and organic matter which can lead to turbidity, odor and taste problems. Jar testing procedure jar tests can be used to evaluate the coagulation efficiency of a coagulant.
Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water 1. Furthermore, after determining the optimum alum dosage for natural river water, the optimum ph value for color removal was studied by varying the range from 4. Apr 27, 2016 coagulation and flocculation in water treatment prepared by. Introduction the need to clarify water aesthetics and health colloids impart color and turbidity to water aesthetical acceptability microbes are colloids too 042716 water treatment 2. Procedure for laboratory jar test the purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of. This is a demonstration of an actual conventional jar test. The results should be used to adjust the coagu lant dose. It simulates the coagulationflocculation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators.
According to the phipps and bird web site, we often hear from treatment plants that they want to jar test. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer. Determination of the optimal dosage of aluminum sulfate in. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water terry l. The jar test experiments were performed on surface waters with turbidity. The jar test is used to identify the most adapted mix of chemical compounds and concentrations for coagulation flocculation. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not involve neutralization of charge. Jar tests are conducted on a four or sixplace gang stirrer, which can be utilized to simulate mixing and settling conditions in a. It is the process of addition of a chemical to destabilize a. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for. Engelhardt application development manager drinking water hach company photo by author the intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. The coagulant used is ferric chloride, while the coagulant aid polymer is a non ionic polyacrylamide. For example, if nickel is the main metal of concern, adjust the final ph to 10 to fully optimize the effects of hydroxide precipitation.
Prospects and challenges of using coagulationflocculation. July 3, 1980 standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water. To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant to remove small or charged particles present inside water by using alum as coagulant. The alum dose destined for each jar was carefully measured into 150ml beakers and, if required, toppedoff to 100 ml with distilled water, then added to the jar test jars and mixed at 150 rpm for 1 min. Coagulation and flocculation processes has been object of. Astm d203519, standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of water, astm international, west conshohocken, pa, 2019. Improved jar testing optimization with toc analysis dondra biller, phd ge analytical instruments. Pdf waste water treatment by coagulation and flocculation.
Jar testing national environmental services center west virginia. The two basic terms which can exactly explain the happenings of this experiment are coagulation and flocculation. The coagulation flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation. Coagulation flocculation process in the removal of trace. Jar test for determining coagulant dosage in water. Effect of temperature on floc formation process efficiency and subsequent removal in sedimentation process asst. Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1. Published by the national environmental services center jar. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking water. Coagulation, flocculation and clarification of drinking. For coagulation test, 200 rpm was used for mixing in five minutes and for flocculation, slow mixing rate 40 rpm was used for five minutes also settling time was 30 minutes. Standard practice for coagulationflocculation jar test of. Coagulation is an essential component in water treatment operations. Two series of jar tests were taken accordance with the standard test methods 16.
It consists of six 1liter beakers or 2liter square jars and a gang mixer. The experimental tests were done by a jar test and followed astm d2035. Three coagulant materials tests were used klaraid cdp26, klaraid pc1195 and klaraid. Coagulation and flocculation process fundamentals 1 coagulation and flocculation. The choice of coagulant and determination of optimum operating conditions for a specific raw water have to be determined by benchscale coagulation tests jar. Jar tests the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. The microfloc formed after coagulation further undergoes flocculation and is allowed to settle. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. Coagulation and flocculation are designed to remove infectious agents.
Diagram of jar testing device the jar testing apparatus see figure 1 contains six paddles which stir the contents of six. A jar test is performed by first adding the same alum dose and varying the ph in each jar. Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. Coagulationflocculation process for produced water treatment. The jar test is used to identify the most adapted mix of chemical compounds and concentrations for coagulationflocculation.
The purpose of the laboratory jar test is to select and quantify a treatment program for removal of. Pdf a jar test study on the use of alum and ferric. Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to separate. The purpose of this test is to select types of coagulant alum and also to estimate the optimal dose needed in removing the charged particles that occurred in raw water. Mar 31, 2016 3312016 12 jar tests determination of optimum ph the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes fill the jars with raw water sample 500 or ml usually 6 jars adjust ph of the jars while mixing using h2so4 or naohlime. Doc experiment 4 coagulation and flocculation lab report. Ce 326 princip les of environmental engi neering jar test. The jar testing apparatus containers were filled with sample water. If the turbidity and colour of the raw water are not much higher than is permissible for drinking water, it should be possible to avoid chemical coagulation in the treatment of the water.
Improved jar testing optimization with toc analysis. The purpose of coa gulation flocculation is to remove suspended m atter, turbidity, color, microorganisms, and odor producing substances. May 03, 2012 jar tests the jar test a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum ph and the optimum coagulant dose a jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes. The coagulation experiments using aluminum sulfate, chitin and sago indicated that coagulation process effectively removed turbidity from water using 0. Optimization of coagulationflocculation for treatment of. This practice covers a general procedure for the evaluation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal, and nonsettleable matter from water or wastewater by chemical coagulationflocculation, followed by gravity settling. Its a preference in the primary purification processes due to its simplicity operation, efficient and cheap. Simulation of the coagulation and flocculation steps in the water treatment process. Coagulation is the step where colloidal par ticles similar t o spheres of a diameter of less than 1 micrometer are destabilized. In a standard practice, jar test involves rapid mixing, followed by slow mixing and later the sedimentation process. The dose of the coagulant to be used can be determined via the jar test. Coagulation and rapid mixing coagulation is the process by which particles become destabilized and begin to clump together. Location in the treatment plant after the source water has been screened and has passed through the optional steps of prechlorination and aeration, it is ready for coagulation and flocculation. Water treatment coagulation process operation and jar.
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